Method and apparatus for ADS-B validation, active and passive multilateration, and elliptical surveillance

ABSTRACT

A system and method are disclosed to track aircraft or other vehicles using techniques including multilateration and elliptical surveillance. Unlike conventional approaches that use time difference of arrival for multilateration at a fixed set of reception points, this technique allows targets to be tracked from a number of dynamic or moving reception points. This allows for triangulation/multilateration and elliptical surveillance of targets from combinations of fixed, fixed and moving or only moving ground-based receivers, sea-based receivers, airborne receivers and space-based receivers. Additionally this technique allows for ADS-B validation through data derived from only two receivers to assess the validity and integrity of the aircraft self-reported position by comparing the time of arrival of the emitted message at the second receiver to the predicted time of message arrival at the second receiver based on the self-reported position of the aircraft and the time of arrival at the first receiver. The benefits of using less than three receivers for validation include greater validation coverage areas using a smaller set of ground stations at a lower infrastructure cost.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/541,480 filed on Sep. 29, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,570,214 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/492,711, filed Jul. 25, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,429,950 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/429,926, filed on May 8, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,477,193 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/343,079, filed on Jan. 30, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,375,683 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is also a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/342,289 filed Jan. 28, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,576,695 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/209,030, filed on Aug. 22, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,248,219 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/257,416, filed on Oct. 24, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,495,612 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/203,823 filed Aug. 15, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,739,167 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/145,170 filed on Jun. 6, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,437,250 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 11/541,480 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/743,042 filed Dec. 23, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,132,982 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 10/743,042 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/638,524 filed Aug. 12, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,829 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 10/638,524 is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/516,215 filed Feb. 29, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,633,259 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 09/516,215 claims is a Non Prov. of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/123,170 filed Mar. 5, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference; application Ser. No. 10/743,042 is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/319,725 filed Dec. 16, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,812,890 and incorporated herein by reference. Application Ser. No. 10/743,042 is a Non Prov. of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/440,618 filed Jan. 17, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of aircraft and ground vehicle tracking and surveillance. In particular, the present invention is directed toward a technique for dynamic multilateration and elliptical surveillance and also techniques for validating Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) position reports using bilateration techniques.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Global implementation of Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) is underway and promises to replace conventional radar surveillance (e.g., Secondary Surveillance Radar, or SSR) within the next 10 to 20 years. Switching to ADS from radar techniques represents a fundamental shift in the techniques and philosophy of aircraft tracking.

Aircraft tracking relying on multilateration techniques are well established in the air traffic control industry with several companies supplying systems including Rannoch Corporation (www.rannoch.com), Sensis Corporation (www.sensis.com), and ERA (www.era.cz). These systems rely on the time stamping of transponder replies, either at remote sensor locations, or at a central time reference. The aircraft or vehicle location is then computed from the time difference of arrival of the transponder signal, as the transponder signal is received at multiple sensor locations. For a description of time difference of arrival multilateration, please refer to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateration.

A system for elliptical surveillance uses one or more receiving elements, one or more transmitting elements, and a central workstation. The transmitting elements and receiving elements are time-synchronized to a common precision time reference. The antennas for the transmitting elements are separated in distance from the antennas from the receiving elements and are located at known positions. At a given time, one of the transmitting elements transmits an interrogation signal to one or more targets. The target(s) respond to the interrogation with a reply transmission. The reply transmission is received by one or more receiving elements and each target's ellipse of position with respect to each receiving element is calculated by the central workstation using the interrogator element time of interrogation measurement and each receiving element's time of arrival measurement for the corresponding reply transmission. The central workstation fuses the elliptical lines of position for each receiving element to compute target positions or augment passive surveillance position. At a scheduled time, the one or more transmitting elements transmit a reference signal to the receiving elements(s). The central workstation uses each of the receiving elements time stamped signals to perform integrity monitoring.

There are a variety of systems that emit pulses and other radio signals on board most aircraft including transponders, DME, TACAN, ADS-B, UAT, and various data link systems. Systems exist today, to multilaterate position using a combination of fixed ground based receiver systems, such as the PSS VERA E (http://www.era.cz/en/pss-vera-e.shtml).

Other systems that embrace the ADS-B concept of position self-reporting include Iridium, FANS (Future Air Navigation System), ACARS and CPDLC, as described below:

-   -   Iridium satellite is used for voice and data, including aircraft         position self-reports.         (http://www.iridium.com/corp/iri_corp-news.asp?newsid=111).     -   The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the         International Air Transport Association (IATA), and other air         traffic service providers developed the concept of FANS to         transition the current air traffic control system to an advanced         air traffic management system utilizing satellite based         communications, navigation and surveillance for all regions of         the world for the twenty-first century. For more information on         FANS refer to:         www.simlabs.arc.nasa.gov/library/technical_papers/aiaa96.html         and         http://www.icao.int/icao/en/ro/apac/2003/cnsatmgmtf/CnsAtmGM_TFReport.pdf#search=‘FANS         %20ICAO     -   The Aircraft Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) is a widely         used commercial service that includes aircraft self-position         reports. A good description of ACARS is available from:         www.ARINC.com.     -   Controller Pilot Data Link (CPDLC) and VDLM2 offer higher data         rates for aircraft messaging that include self position reports.         An excellent description and comparison of ACARS, CPDLC, and         VDLM2 was presented by John Burke of ARINC at the ICNS         conference in Annapolis in May, 2003.         (http://spacecom.grc.nasa.gov/icnsconf/docs/2003/04_B1/B1-04-Burks.pdf#search=‘cpdlc’).

In addition to aircraft, vehicles and ships also carry systems that provide self-reporting over a data link, for example the IBM VTS/2000 system (http://www-304.ibm.com/jct09002c/gsdod/solutiondetails.do ?solution=938&expand=true&lc=en).

As the transportation industry moves toward real-time global tracking and identification of all forms of transport, there is recognition that relying on self-reporting is vulnerable to errors, or intentional spoofing, and other security issues. This is probably most acute in aviation following the events of 9/11 and the potential damage that can result from aircraft accidents. In aviation, the need for a potential back up or validation is the subject of debate at the FAA (www.faa.gov), the Next Generation of Air Traffic Systems (NGATS) and the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO). For more information on these organizations and aviation initiatives please visit (www.jpdo.aero).

Although, as of early 2006, there is no overall plan for a particular back-up or validation technology, the use of combinations of sensor systems has been discussed by FAA, NGATS, and JPDO. Sensor systems discussed include mixes of conventional radar systems, multilateration, passive tracking, and other techniques.

A discussion of various potential back-up methods is presented in U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Safe Flight 21—Future Surveillance Broadcast Services Ground Station (BSGS) Specification Using the Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) and 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (1090ES) ADS-B Data Links, Draft, Version 2.0, 12 Dec. 2005.

There are many issues involved in selecting an appropriate back up technology including:

-   -   Practicality     -   Performance     -   Independence     -   Cost     -   Business case

The business case for ADS-B is to forgo the use of older more expensive radar technologies, in favor of a more flexible ADS self-reporting technology. It is has been difficult thus far to achieve general consensus on an optimal approach using ADS and some form of back-up. The use of encryption or secure transponders to prevent spoofing has been discussed, but there are many cost equipage issues, avionics standardization, and the ability to spoof may be reduced but will not be eliminated. (See, e.g., Viggiano, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/285,070, Publication No. 20040086121, entitled “Secure Automatic Dependent Surveillance,” incorporated herein by reference).

Other possible methods to confirm the authenticity of ADS-B include comparison and correlation between ADS-B and TCAS, such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/923,433, Publication No. 20050231422, entitle “Systems and Methods for Correlation in an Air Traffic Control System of Interrogation-Based Target Positional Data and GPS-Based Intruder Positional Data,” incorporated herein by reference. However, although probably a good approach for aircraft to aircraft surveillance and target verification, it is not practical for an ATC-wide application, and would still rely on some form of self-reporting. Also, TCAS is not designed to provide sufficient lateral accuracy for ATC surveillance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Multilateration and elliptical surveillance as described above are excellent candidates for verification of ADS self-reports, providing the systems are sufficiently independent as described in Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/343,079 (RANN 0025), entitled “Use of Geo-Stationary Satellites to Augment Wide Area Multilateration Synchronization,” incorporated herein by reference. However, there are practical limitations to the deployment of extensive fixed multilateration and elliptical systems, although novel uses have been demonstrated such as nationwide and regional use of cell towers and existing communications infrastructure (See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/342,289 (RANN 0024), entitled “Multilateration Enhancements for Noise and Operations Management,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/257,416, (RANN 0022), entitled “Method and Apparatus to Improve ADS-B Security” both of which are incorporated herein by reference).

In a first embodiment of the present invention, dynamic multilateration and/or elliptical approaches are used, where receiver and transmitter units would provide for a more effective, flexible surveillance system, which is not limited to regional deployment of fixed base infrastructure. For example, use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems to multilaterate onto aircraft generated transmissions would provide for global, independent, coverage. Although multilateration is based on time difference of arrival, if the location and time is known at each sensor, regardless of whether the sensor is fixed or moving, the target position may be calculated accurately in three dimensions.

In second embodiment of the present invention, multilateration and elliptical surveillance are possible using dynamic unsynchronized remote interrogator(s). The time of interrogation and position of interrogator are first determined by utilizing receivers on the interrogation frequency and multilateration, elliptical ranging, ADS, equations of motion, or other position determination system. This technique then enables calculation of a target's position from its response to the interrogator using the elliptical ranging, multilateration, or a combination of both.

In this second embodiment, all components (receivers, interrogators, and targets) of the multilateration and elliptical ranging system may be dynamic. For example, the use of LEO satellite systems as transmitters of interrogation signals would greatly enhance the coverage of system in areas where other aircraft or sources of interrogation were not available to illicit a response from the tracked target. Interrogators could also be aboard satellites, aircraft, ships, buoys, or any other non-stationary source.

Traditional multilateration systems as described above use at least four receivers to uniquely identify the location of the aircraft in space, or can use just three receivers when combined with altitude information provided by the aircraft's barometric altimeter and encoded within the transmitted message.

In a third embodiment of the present invention, data derived from only two receivers is used to assess the validity and integrity of the aircraft self-reported position by comparing the time of arrival of the emitted message at the second receiver to the predicted time of message arrival at the second receiver based on the self-reported position of the aircraft and the time of arrival at the first receiver.

This same concept can be alternatively understood by considering that, when the same signal is received at two separate receivers, the “time difference of arrival” principle can be used to locate the source of the signal on a hyperboloid. The present invention compares the ADS-B self-reported position to the positions on the hyperboloid and assesses the validity and integrity of the ADS-B self-reported position based on whether the self-reported position lies within an acceptable error of the hyperboloid.

This invention has a significant commercial advantage to alternate ADS-B validation approaches, which are based on multilateration, as it requires only that two receivers are able to receive data from aircraft under surveillance, rather than the three or four receivers required for traditional multilateration.

This is particularly significant when viewed in the context that ADS-B systems are generally deployed with overlapping and redundant coverage to ensure high levels of system availability. In such a system, no additional sensors may be required in order to establish an ADS-B validation mechanism.

Further, as the aircraft is tracked over time, reliability of the approach proposed in the current invention increases as it becomes increasingly improbable that the self-reported position will coincide with the dynamically changing hyperboloid calculated by the proposed invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND TABLES

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, using satellite-based multilateration, illustrating an aircraft emitting various signals that may include ADS-B, DME, Mode S and various other communications, navigation, and surveillance signals. Note that for the purposes of the present invention, the signals emanating from the aircraft may include any one of a number of radio or other signals, which may be detected by one or more receivers. Thus, aircraft position can be detecting using any one of a number of broadband aircraft signals—i.e., not just SSR transponders but other high frequency emitters found on aircraft (UAT, weather radar, jamming radar, TACAN, datalink, and the like). Other signals, such as cellular telephones, and other equipment onboard an aircraft may also generate signals which may be used to track location of an aircraft.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment, illustrating dynamic interrogation.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating potential receiver coverage for the Hudson Bay area in Canada based on the installation of six receivers at locations around the perimeter of the bay, each with a reception range of 250 nm.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an aircraft emitting ADS-B signals which are received, time stamped and decoded at a receiver before being passed to the central system processor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an aircraft 100 emitting various signals, which may include ADS-B, DME, Mode S and various other communications, navigation, and surveillance signals. Aircraft 100 may send self-reported position data to ADS-B receiver 400 which may then communicated the position data 410 to a surveillance network 600. Surveillance network 600 makes available the self-report and independently calculated report to various users 610 where they may be compared and alerts generated in the case of discrepancies. A ground-based station 610 mat then compare self-reported position data with other sources, to determine whether the self-reported position data is accurate.

Radio signals 110, output from aircraft 100, may also be received by several LEO satellites, and the time-stamped information then used to multilaterate the 3-D geometric position of the aircraft. Multilateration may be performed by the space element (e.g., on one or more satellites, which may then communicate aircraft position to other aircraft 300 or ground stations 500). Alternately, time-stamp data may be down-linked to an ATC sensor or receiver 500 which is passed onto an ATC network 520, and position data calculated at grounds station 610.

Simultaneously, the calculated position of aircraft 100 may be relayed 220 to other aircraft 300, either from satellites 200 as a form of Traffic Information Services Broadcast (TIS-B), on an appropriate data link. In one embodiment, aircraft position data may be calculated onboard satellites 200 using multilateration techniques, and then aircraft position data may then be relayed to other aircraft 300 over link 220. In this manner, each aircraft may have position and other information regarding all other similarly equipped aircraft, without having to rely upon ground installations.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating dynamic interrogation. Transmission of interrogation occurs (from interrogator 1020) but time of transmission and position of transmitter are not known and must be determined (1030 MHz Mlat, elliptical ranging, 1090 MHz ADS-B, ADS-C, etc.). Interrogation signal 1030 is received at receivers 1061 and received signals 1010 are sent to central server 1000. Central server may not be physically connected to interrogator 1020 in any way but may be used to compute the position of the interrogator at the time of transmission and the time of transmission.

Once position and time of transmission of interrogator 1020 has been determined by server 1000, responses from interrogated targets 1040 can be determined through receipt of their response 1090 using the central server to compute position from signals received at receivers 1061.

Interrogator 1020, targets 1040, and receivers 1061 can be moving or fixed, based on land, sea, air, or space, and can be multiples. For example, the system allows ranging at sites where system-controlled or initiated interrogation is not allowed (passive U.S. NOMS flight tracking systems) by utilizing interrogators on aircraft as sources of interrogation for ranging calculations.

The dynamic interrogation system of FIG. 2 may be combined with the use of orbiting satellites systems in FIG. 1 to interrogate targets 1040 and receive responses 1090. Such a system includes an application of ranging techniques to satellite-based interrogation and response reception. Use of dynamic interrogation sources whose time and position of transmission may or may not have to be determined first to enable multilateration and elliptical ranging. A multilateration and ranging tracking system may include combination of fixed or moving interrogators, fixed or moving receivers, and fixed or moving targets.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating potential receiver coverage for the Hudson Bay area in Canada based on the installation of six receivers at locations around the perimeter of the bay, each with a reception range of 250 nm. The diagram is shaded to show zones with a single receiver able to receive signals, zones with two receivers in range, and zones with three or more receivers.

As the aircraft travels across this space, along the indicated dashed line, it passes through each of the following types of surveillance zone:

-   -   Where three receivers are able to receive the signal, the ADS-B         self-reports can be validated by traditional multilateration         systems, which can derive an independent position report for the         aircraft.     -   Where two receivers are able to receive the signal, the ADS-B         self-reports can be validated by the TDOA validation method         described in the present invention.     -   Where only a single receiver is in range, there is no         independent validation of ADS-B reports, although a surveillance         system may assess the self-reported position based on tracking         the aircraft from its last validated position. Based upon         reported position and speed, a subsequent time-stamp can be         predicted, and then compared to an actual subsequent time-stamp         received at the same location.

It can be readily seen that the present invention greatly increases the total area in which ADS-B self-reports can be validated. Thus, aircraft in a larger area, can be validated for position data without the need for additional receiver installations.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of this third embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an aircraft 2010 emitting ADS-B signals which are received, time stamped and decoded at receiver 2020 before being passed to the central system processor 2030. The server, knowing the location of the receiver 2020 and the reported position of the aircraft 2010, can calculate the time that the signal originated from the aircraft by calculating and deducting the time taken for the signal to travel from aircraft 2010 to receiver 2020 from the time stamp applied by receiver 2020 when it received the signal.

Knowing the (fixed) position of receiver 2040, the server can work forward and calculate the time the signal should reach receiver 2040 and compare this time to the time stamp applied by receiver 2040 when the signal actually reaches the receiver.

If the difference in these two times is outside of a predetermined acceptable level of error, the system can indicate that the data should be regarded as having lower levels of integrity by updating the data feed to the ATC display systems, or by raising an error condition.

While the preferred embodiment and various alternative embodiments of the invention have been disclosed and described in detail herein, it may be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 

1. A method of tracking vehicles, comprising the step of: receiving, from at least one moving sensor, a radio signal, time-stamping the radio signal from the at least one moving sensor at least one known location, to determine a time of arrival of the radio signal from the at least one moving sensor at the at least one known location, calculating, from the time of arrival of the radio signal from at least one the moving sensor, a position of the at least one moving sensor, receiving at the at least one moving sensor, a radio signal from a vehicle, time-stamping the radio signal from the vehicle at the at least one moving sensor, to determine a time of arrival of the radio signal from the vehicle at the at least one moving sensor, and calculating, from the time of arrival of the radio signal from the vehicle at the at least one the moving sensor, a position of the vehicle.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one moving sensors comprises an orbiting satellite.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one moving sensors comprises a ground vehicle moving sensor.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one moving sensors comprises a moving ship/vessel sensor.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the orbiting satellite broadcasts calculated vehicle position. 